In 1979, when we were still young and starry-eyed, a revolution took place in Iran. When I asked experts what would happen, they divided into two camps.
The first group of Iran experts argued that the Shah of Iran would certainly survive, that the unrest was simply a cyclical event readily manageable by his security, and that the Iranian people were united behind the Iranian monarch’s modernization program. These experts developed this view by talking to the same Iranian officials and businessmen they had been talking to for years — Iranians who had grown wealthy and powerful under the shah and who spoke English, since Iran experts frequently didn’t speak Farsi all that well.
The second group of Iran experts regarded the shah as a repressive brute, and saw the revolution as aimed at liberalizing the country. Their sources were the professionals and academics who supported the uprising — Iranians who knew what former Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini believed, but didn’t think he had much popular support. They thought the revolution would result in an increase in human rights and liberty. The experts in this group spoke even less Farsi than the those in the first group.
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香港的制度夾雜自由放任與政府統制,表面是簡單明瞭,內裏卻耐人尋味。變革歷來都是靠官與商之間的共識,此中,殖民地大官人與英廷欽點的大商家之間的調停,對香港經濟之開放進步最為緊要。最漂亮的一役,是上世紀八十年代末期迎接流動資訊革命時代來臨而在本地推行的電訊市場開放,令長途電話費用急跌,手機與寬頻的月費「低處未見低」。然而,回歸之後,此舉已成絕響。香港市場充斥各種或明或暗的經濟特權,引致食利者(rent-seekers)眾,營生者(producers)少,經濟積習難返,政治無力回天,令香港的資本主義步入死局。地產商的聯營壟斷乃香港的大死局、大癌腫;的士之弊,小死局一個,不足掛齒。然則分析起來,也是「雖小道,亦有可觀焉」。
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我們目前身處的是天主教基督教建立出來的文明,這個文明帶來了人類的進步,也帶來了目前的困局。全球暖化窮富差距擴大,欲望成為了真正屬於這個文明的核心價值。這二十年人類經濟與科技的快速增長,也加速惡化了全球暖化。不單止是環境的惡化,人類的精神文明也出現了「惡化」的現象,自私和偽善的「娛樂」成為了一種新的精神科藥物,藝術也被市場被娛樂污染了;西方的情况在表面上是比較多元,但本質上「教會」也被大企業所取代;西方的「公民社會」仍然有着一個「宗教」和「正義」的道德傳統,對政治和經濟產生了一定的影響,但這十年隨着各宗教的老化和激進化,建制內宗教的影響力已經在逐漸消失,在強大的經濟力量支持下, 「娛樂」正式取代了「宗教」,成為人類精神文明道德價值的主導體制。
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中大學生報情色版的Stephy教女讀者把為男友跪著口交的屈辱透過自己主觀的「想像」轉化為對男友的「反控制」,因為「畢竟含著他最敏感部位的是你(必要時太嬲你又可以考慮大力咬佢喎)。他的快樂與否其實在你口中。他射與不射、興奮與否,全部掌握在你舌頭的縱橫上下前後出入之內。」。她又建議,「可不可以把「屈辱」與否這個問題撇開不想?」
這種論調的確教主流女性主義感到不安,但顛覆性倒不太大。
在一般關於解放的論述中,自由解放與宰制支配總是對立的,但借用卡維波(中央大學哲研所教授)的邏輯,有時候,口交讓你解放,屈辱讓你自由。因為屈從、羞辱、物化、工具化等,體現了契約論中最高尚的情操(自主、合同、信任),才真正徹底擊潰康德的人格自主倫理體系。
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http://jerry_cheng.blogs.com/socioblogist/2004/08/polanyian_socia.html
社會科學要證成自己的「科學性」,往往力圖將自身與「道德」、「倫理」等規範性字眼區分開來。經 濟學以自然科學為師,沿用了這樣的一種立場。然而,理解社會現象所蘊含的倫理性質以及倫理思維在現實經濟生活中發揮的作用,與在意識型態的牽引下以科學為 名偷渡倫理規範的論述,根本是兩回事。忽略與貶抑倫理的經濟作用是經濟科學原本不需要付出的成本。
針對理解社會現象中所蘊含的倫理性質,博蘭尼(K. Polanyi)所開啟的「鑲嵌」(embeddedness)觀念在建立結合道德與經濟的經驗研究上深具影響。Polanyi在不同脈絡下討論到「經濟 鑲嵌」時,其實都牽涉到經濟生活的道德意涵與機制,不管就政治的鑲嵌(例如:市場的國家建構)、社會鑲嵌(例如:經濟行為的社會取向動機)與生活整體的鑲 嵌(例如:商品使用的社會脈絡),我們都可以看到由這些關係的鑲嵌上所衍生出一定社會倫理的規範認知與要求。
可惜的是,「鑲嵌」概念晚近的發展與應用,往往忽略了此中的倫理意涵,不是狹隘地將「社會」僅理解為行動者所處的人際網絡或組織關係
(Granovetter
1985),就是集中在建立各種層次、各種面向的不同鑲嵌類型,因而漸漸遺落了對Polanyi所提出關鍵問題意識的釐清與深耕。
一、
政治關係的鑲嵌:在考察自律市場形成的非自然、非演化過程時,Polanyi指出,自律市場的誕生建立在階級的權力結構並通過國家強行實施的基礎上,因此
他說:「自由放任絕非自然產生的。通往自由市場的大道是依靠大量、持久且統一籌畫的干涉主義,而加以打通並保持暢通的」。因而,「自由放任是刻意造成的;
而計畫經濟卻不是」(p238-240)。Polanyi在指出國家乃是自律市場的幕後建構者的同時,也強調了國家所具有社會保護施行者的角色。
二、 社會關係的鑲嵌:此為Polanyi最為人所知的部分。關於這點他說:「人類的經濟是附屬在其社會關係之下的……他的行動是要保護它的社會地位、社會權 力、社會資產。……經濟制度都是由非經濟動機所推動。」(p115)對於博蘭尼而言,維持社會連帶的動機,遠甚於個人牟利的動機,而後者盛行的市場社會反 而是人類歷史上一種很特殊、而且不穩定的形式。
三、 生活整體的鑲嵌:Polanyi的洞見在於,指出市場自由主義的內在矛盾之一,是必須將「商品」所蘊含的社會倫理性質去除,以便讓市場機能完全處置。而社 會一旦完全臣服於市場法則而被組織起來,將由於違犯此一社會倫理性質,不可免地導致社會失控的災難,並自然地帶來社會自我保護的反制力量。這 裡,Polanyi提示我們,需要關注到人們要求尊嚴地生活的基本價值(例如:家庭生活、鄰里關係、自然環境、工作條件等)。
Polanyi的觀點提醒我們注意到:市場的人為建構性、社會價值與規範在經濟活動中的導引作用、以及「商品」鑲嵌於社會的倫理性質。然而,他的分 析仍舊留下許多待解的問題:他的分析僅集中在勞力、土地、與貨幣這三種「虛構商品」,然而其他的商品是否也具有這種倫理性質?若有,如何形成?關於「社會 保護」,人們如何在複雜的實際市場環境中意識到社群倫理的被侵害?如果按照Polanyi的說法,自由市場一開始就是出於對真實狀況的「誤認」(或者,將 短暫與侷限的歷史現實理解為普遍的真理)而發展起來的,那麼社會的自我保護運動又是如何穿透由「自由市場」語彙所構築出來的精密論述?或者,如何在市場意 識普行(與無視倫理的「經濟科學」獨霸)的當代情境下,發展出根植於社群倫理的集體訴求與目標?這些問題無一不對Polanyi理論的後續運用構成嚴肅的 挑戰。看完《中國不高興》,想起了YST寫的《漫談香港》。兩者思路其實相近,如果《中國不高興》計劃寫一個章節用他們的民族主義思想具體分析評論香港,出來的東西可能就是《漫談香港》。
兩者都被評為偏激,但可能都代表了一種「時代意識」。
漫談香港(0):前言
http://blog.udn.com/
漫談香港(一):香港的地緣政治
http://blog.udn.com/
漫談香港(二):香港的地緣經濟
http://blog.udn.com/
漫談香港(三):香港的邊緣化
http://blog.udn.com/
漫談香港(四):香港 — 中國長期的悲哀
http://city.udn.com/
漫談香港(五):香港人
http://city.udn.com/
漫談香港(六):結論 — 從香港看台灣
http://city.udn.com/
我看完《中國不高興》的感覺是香港不行了。香港人的64情懷等,越來越成為消極因素了,開始變有害了。很多內地人在網上說香港人談64就是要和國家過不去,覺得香港人都賣國。以往,香港人會說他們全被洗腦,覺得自己是中國僅存的良心。但看來有不少人是真的出於《中國不高興》式民族主義不認同香港。
如果整個中國都覺得香港在賣國,香港怎混下去?
Arnaud de
Borchgrave, United Press International
editor-at-large,
interviews
General
Hamid Gul
De
Borchgrave: So who did Black Sept. 11?
Gul: Mossad
and its accomplices. The
$40 billion
a year on its 11 intelligence agencies.
That's $400
billion in 10 years. Yet the Bush
Administration
says it was taken by surprise. I
don't
believe it. Within 10 minutes of the second
twin tower
being hit in the World Trade Center CNN
said Osama
bin Laden had done it. That was a
planned
piece of disinformation by the real
perpetrators.
It created an instant mindset and put
public opinion
into a trance, which prevented even
intelligent
people from thinking for themselves.
Q: So
you're already convinced bin Laden didn't do
it?
A: I know
bin Laden and his associates. I've been
with them
here, in
are
graduates of the best universities and are
highly
intelligent with impressive degrees and
speak
impeccable English. These are people who have
rediscovered
fundamental Islamic values. Many come
from the
Gulf countries where ruling royal families
have
generated hatred by the way they flout divine
law,
wasting billions on gratifying their whims,
jetting
around in large private jets by themselves,
and sailing
the
for weeks
on end. Osama's best recruits come from
feudal
areas that are
millions of
poor people are seeking human dignity.
I have even
visited a Christian convent school in
Murree, 60
miles from here, where my 13-year-old
daughter is
studying. The young girls there have
told me
Osama is their hero. Osama's followers
identify
with Mujahideen freedom fighters wherever
they are
defending Islam and its values.
Q: So what
makes you think Osama wasn't behind
Sept. 11?
A: From a
cave inside a mountain or a peasant's
hovel?
Let's be serious. Osama inspires countless
millions by
standing up for Islam against American
and Israeli
imperialism. He doesn't have the means
for such a
sophisticated operation.
Q: Why
Mossad?
A: Mossad
and its American associates are the
obvious
culprits. Who benefits from the crime? The
attacks
against the twin towers started at
a.m. and
four flights are diverted from their
assigned
air space and no air traffic controller
sounds the
alarm. And no Air Force jets scramble
until
Force
rebellion, a coup against the Pentagon
perhaps?
Radars are jammed, transponders fail. No
IFF --
friend or foe identification -- challenge.
In
are instantly
scrambled and the aircraft is shot
down with
no further questions asked. This was
clearly an
inside job. Bush was afraid and rushed
to the
shelter of a nuclear bunker. He clearly
feared a
nuclear situation. Who could that have
been? Will
that also be hushed up in the
investigation,
like the
Kennedy
assassination?
Q: At this
point, someone might be asking what
you've been
smoking. What is
such a
monstrous plot, which, of course, no one
believes
except Islamist extremists who concocted
this piece
of disinformation in the first place,
presumably
to detract from the real culprits?
A: Jews
never agreed to Bush 41 (George H.W. Bush,
the 41st
president) or 43 (his son George W. Bush,
the 43rd
president). They made sure Bush senior
didn't get
a second term. His land-for-peace
pressure in
also
against the young Bush because he was
considered
too close to oil interests and the Gulf
countries.
Bush senior and Jim Baker had raised
$150
million for Bush junior, much of it from
41 and
Baker, as private citizens, had also
facilitated
the new strategic relationship between
both
countries. So clearly the prospect of a Bush
43 was a
potential danger to
Jews were
stunned by the way Bush stole the
election in
Gore.
parent
opportunities to turn disaster into a
pretext for
imposing an all-encompassing military,
political
and economic agenda to further the cause
of global
capitalism. While Colin Powell is
cautious and
others are reckless and want to make
up for
their failure to defeat Saddam Hussein in
the Gulf
War 10 years ago, the global agenda is the
same.
overwhelmed
by demographics. It is a state that was
born in
terrorism that terrorized Palestinians into
the exile
of refugee camps, where they have now
subsisted
in squalid refugee camps, and is now very
much afraid
of
opportunity
it has been waiting for to consolidate
control of
the Caspian basin by extending its
military
presence in
conveniently
overlooks -- or is not told -- the
fact that
Islamic fundamentalists got their big
boost in
the modern age as CIA assets in the covert
campaign I
was also involved with to force the
Soviets out
of
president
during that entire campaign. And no
sooner did
he become president on
than he
summoned an inter-agency intelligence
meeting and
issued an order, among several others,
to clip the
wings of ISI (Pakistani Inter-Services
Intelligence)
that had been coordinating the entire
operation
in
I was DGISI
at the time (director general, ISI).
Q: So how
do you read
A: The
destabilization of
of its
containment policy. President Nixon's book
"The
Real War" said
of the 21st
Century. The
hostility
between
Muslim
states to reverse the perception that the
Islamic
world now has its own nuclear weapons. Bush
43 doesn't
realize he is being manipulated by
people who
understand geopolitics. He is not
leading but
being led. All he can do is think in
terms of
the wanted-dead-or-alive culture, which is
how
act.
All summer
long we heard about
surplus and
that the Pentagon would not have
sufficient
funds to modernize for the 21st century.
And now,
all of a sudden, the Pentagon can get what
it wants
without any Democratic Party opposition.
How very
convenient! Even your cherished civil
liberties
can now be abridged with impunity to
protect the
expansion of the hegemony of
transnational
capitalism. There is now a new excuse
to crush
anti-globalization protests.
Bush 43
follows Bush 41.
Kuwaiti
trap when the
interested
in his inter-Arab squabbles. Two days
later, he
moved into
province
anyway before the
otherwise.
for the
Japanese empire, which provided the pretext
for
entering World War II.
And now the
Israelis have given the
pretext for
further expansion into an area that
will be
critical in the next 25 years - the Caspian
basin.
Q: Were you
a fundamentalist in the days of the war
against the
Soviets in
closely
with the CIA?
A: Not as
much as I am today.
Q: What
turned you against
A:
Betrayals and broken promises and what was done
to my army
career.
Q: And what
was that?
A:
President Ishaq Khan, who succeeded Zia ul-Haq
after his
plane was blown out of the sky, wanted to
appoint me
chief of staff, the highest position in
the
Pakistani army. The
clipped
ISI's wings, also blocked my promotion by
informing
the president I was unacceptable. So I
was moved
to a corps commander position. As ISI
director, I
held the whole Mujahideen movement in
the palm of
my hands. We were all pro-American. But
then
went to
pieces, including
The
of seven
factions and then waved goodbye. Even in
the best of
democracies, a broad-based coalition
does not
work. So we quickly had seven jokers in
power. The
gunplay quickly followed, which led to
the
creation of Taliban, the students of the
original
Mujahideen, who decided to put an end to
it.
Q: What
happened to the 1,000 shoulder-fired
Stinger
anti-aircraft missiles that were supplied
by
president Reagan in 1986 and 87 to the
Mujahideen,
and that literally grounded the Soviet
air force?
A: After
the Soviets pulled out, the CIA allocated
$60 million
to try to buy them back. This just
drove the
black market price up for one Stinger
from
$100,000 to $300,000. The Taliban still have
about 250
of them for the kind of situation they
face today
against
Q: Is the
A: Is the
with the
Muslim world? The
its
European allies. You have between 6 and 8
million
American Muslims and their ranks are
growing.
About the same number in
aside, we
are
Confucius
and Judeo-Christians in one corner, and
us in the
other. His prescription is wrong but is
being
adopted by Bush 43 who has now put 60
countries
on his hit list. This is the diabolical
school that
wants to launch an anti-Muslim
"crusade."
Muslims understood what Bush meant when
he used
that word.
We need a
meeting, not a clash, of civilizations.
We are on
the brink of disaster. It is time to pull
back from
the brink and reassess before we blow
ourselves
up. The purpose of Islam is service to
humanity.
The time for like-minded people to have a
meeting of
the minds is now.
Q: But you
are against democracy, so how can there
be a
meeting of the minds?
A:
Democracy does not work. Politicians are
constantly
thinking of their next election, not the
public
good, which means, at best, constantly
shading the
truth to hide it from their
constituents.
Their pronouncements are laced with
lies and
the voters are lulled or gulled into
believing
utter nonsense. The Koran says call a
spade a
spade. It is the supreme law and tells
right from
wrong. There is no notion of "my country
right or
wrong" under divine law. The creator's
will
predominates. All if subservient to Allah's
will and
adherence to a set of basic, fundamental
values.
Q: So what
kind of a system are you advocating?
A: The
world needs a post-modern state system.
Right now,
the nation-state and round the clock
satellite
TV lead people to imitate
of life.
Which is mathematically impossible. You
have 4
percent of the world's population consuming
32 percent
of the world's resources. The creator
through
Prophet Mohammed said equal distribution.
Capitalism
is the negation of the creator's will.
It leads to
imperialism and unilateralism.
Q: So what
does this post-modern state system look
like?
A: A global
village under divine order, or we will
have global
bloodshed until good triumphs over
evil. Islam
encapsulates all the principal
religions
and what was handed down 1,400 years ago
was the
normal evolutionary sequel to Judaism and
Christianity.
The prophet's last sermon was a
universal
document of human rights for everyone
that
surpasses everything that came since,
including
the U.N.
Charter of universal rights. If you
superimpose
true secular values on true Islamic
values,
there is no difference. So surely divine
law should
supersede man-made law. Islam is
egalitarian,
tolerant and progressive. It is the
wave of the
future.
Q: Marxism
also believed that the nation-state
would
eventually wither away.
A:
Socialism jumped the rails when it was co-opted
by the
imperialist Soviet state. Islam believes in
dynamism,
Christianity stands for static statism.
The pope in
all his pronouncements has expressed a
dogmatic
attachment to the status quo. Why are so
many black
Americans converting to Islam? Because
they are
looking for true equality which they
cannot find
under capitalism. Allah has no gender,
neither
male nor female. Islam has no indirect
taxation in
an interest-free economy. Usury was a
Jewish
concept.
Q: Is
A: There
isn't a single true Islamic state in the
world
today.
revolution,
but I am not sure whether it's the
right
direction.
Q: And
Taliban?
A: They
represent Islam in its purest form so far.
It's a
clean sheet. And they were also moving in
the right
direction when this crisis was cooked up
by the
and order
with no formal police force, only traffic
cops
without sidearms. Now, in less than two weeks,
they have
mobilized some 300,000 volunteers to
fight
American and British invaders if they come.
Q: And your
reaction to
A: If
have a
national upheaval. And if the
a general
jihad. All borders will then disappear
and it will
be a no-holds-barred Islamic uprising
against
will be
engulfed in the firestorm. So I can only
hope that
cooler heads will prevail in
Q: What
about the other
A: Overflight
rights are meaningless since the
violates
air space daily all over the world. As for
intelligence
sharing with ISI, you can't even catch
your own
terrorists. And what ISI gives you will be
of marginal
value anyway.
Q:
President (Pervez) Musharraf has made strong
statements
supporting the
A: He was
my student in the army. He is a good man,
but he
doesn't understand Islam. The army will
never fight
the masses. If push comes to shove,
Musharraf
will say no to the Americans rather than
turn
against the people. He is not just facing a
handful of
angry people. By his own admission, it's
10 percent
to 15 percent of the population, or at
least 10
million people willing to fight. For
openers,
they would close the port of Karachi. A
country
cannot breathe without lungs.
Q: Back to
Osama's terrorist network. Who was
behind the
bombing of the U.S. Embassies in
Tanzania
and Kenya?
A: Mossad
is strong in both countries. Remember the
Israeli
operation to free hostages in Entebbe
(Uganda)?
Both Kenya and Tanzania were part of the
logistical
tail. A so-called associate of Osama was
framed at
Karachi airport. The incidents took place
on Aug. 8,
1999, and on the 10th a short,
clean-shaven
man disembarks at Karachi airport and
presents
the passport of a bearded man. Not your
passport,
he was told. He then tries to bribe the
clerk with
200 rupees. A ludicrously small sum
given the
circumstances. The clerk says no and
turns him
in and he starts singing right away. Not
plausible. Osama
has sworn to me on the Koran it
was not him
and he is truthful to a fault. Pious
Muslims do
not kill innocent civilians who included
many Muslim
victims. The passport must have been
switched
while the man was asleep on the plane in
what has
all the earmarks of a Mossad operation.
For 10
years, the Mujahideen fought the Soviets in
Afghanistan
and not a single Soviet embassy was
touched
anywhere in the world. So this could not
have been
Osama's followers.
Q: What if
bin Laden has been lying to you and is
guilty. Is
that inconceivable?
A: If
Taliban are given irrefutable evidence of his
guilt, I am
in favor of a fair trial. In America,
one is
entitled to a jury of peers. But he has no
American
peers. The Taliban would not object, in
the event
of a prima face case, to an international
Islamic
court meeting in The Hague. They would turn
extradite
Osama to the


